Management of diabetes using adaptive control

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Abstract
The review focuses on adaptive systems for insulin treatment in type 1 diabetes. The review consists of two parts. First, adaptive approaches are described, which exploit infrequent glucose measurements (four to seven measurements per day). Second, adaptive approaches are described, which exploit frequent or continuous glucose measurements (every hour or more often). Each part is further divided into two subparts separating off‐line and on‐line adaptive techniques. The latter represents treatment strategies, which rely on continuous re‐assessment of the glucoregulatory system. The former refers to treatment strategies, which are fixed for a day or longer and are revisited from time to time. It is concluded that the role of adaptive approaches will increase as new continuous glucose‐sensing monitors reach the market. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.