Protection of transforming growth factor β activity by heparin and fucoidan

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Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of proteins exert diverse and potent effects on proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix synthesis. However, relatively little is known about the stability or processing of endogenous TGF-β activity in vitro or in vivo. Our previous work indicated that (1) TGF-β1 has strong heparin-binding properties that were not previously recognized because of neutralization by iodination, and (2) heparin, and certain other polyanions, could block the binding of TGF-β1 to α2-macroglobulin (α2-M). The present studies investigated the influence of heparin-like molecules on the stability of the TGF-β1 signal in the pericellular environment. The results indicate that heparin and fucoidan, a naturally occurring sulfated L-fucose polymer, suppress the formation of an initial non-covalent interaction between 125I-TGF-β1 and activated α2-M. Electrophoresis of 125I-TGF-β1 showed that fucoidan protects TGF-β1 from proteolytic degradation by plasmin and trypsin. While plasmin caused little, if any, activation of latent TGF-β derived from vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC), plasmin degraded acid-activated TGF-β, and purified TGF-β1, and this degradation was inhibited by fucoidan. In vitro, heparin and fucoidan tripled the half-life of 125I-TGF-β1 and doubled the amount of cell-associated 125I-TGF-β1. Consistent with this protective effect, heparin- and fucoidan-treated SMC demonstrated elevated levels of active, but not latent, TGF-β activity.

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