Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli and Tolerance to Nitric Oxide: The Role of Flavohemoglobin

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Abstract
NO has an important role as part of the innate host response against bacterial infections. Flavohemoglobin, which is encoded by the hmp gene, protects Escherichia coli against nitrosative stress. We compared the NO tolerance of UPEC and nonpathogenic strains, and examined the involvement of flavohemoglobin. The E. coli K12 derivates HB101 and DH5α represent nonpathogenic strains, while J96 and IA2 represent UPEC strains. HB101 was used as the host for a pBR322 plasmid carrying the hmp gene. Bacterial tolerance to NO was evaluated by determining cfu. Flavohemoglobin expression was examined using Northern and Western blot analysis. In the stationary growth phase, J96 was significantly more tolerant to DETA/NO (Alexis Biochemical, Lausen, Switzerland) (1 mM) compared to HB101 (47% ± 11% vs 6.4% ± 3.1% cfu). In the exponential growth phase DETA/NO exposure resulted in 98% ± 4.6% cfu for J96 and 74% ± 7.6% cfu for IA2 compared to 15% ± 5.9% for HB101 and 21% ± 12% for DH5α. HB101 over expressing hmp showed increased tolerance to DETA/NO (0.5 mM) compared to WT HB101 (106% ± 5.6% vs 67 ± 6.2%, p hmp on a multicopy plasmid. UPEC strains were significantly more tolerant to DETA/NO than nonpathogenic strains, which suggests a correlation between virulence and NO tolerance. Flavohemoglobin expression increased after DETA/NO exposure in UPEC and in nonpathogenic strains.