Systemic heparinization does not prevent clot formation in coil embolization

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Abstract
Therapeutic transcatheter closure with Gianturco‐type steel coils has been applied to a variety of vascular communications in children with congenital heart disease. Vessel closure depends upon successful thrombus formation around the coil. Since systemic anticoagulation with heparin is commonly used during catheterization and cardiac surgery, we studied the effect of systemic heparinization on the efficiency of vessel occlusion by coil emboiization in lambs. Catheters inserted in femoral arteries were used to arteriographically locate and size 36 systemic arteries in 9 lambs weighing 4.2 to 7.4 kg. Twenty‐four vessels were embolized prior to heparinization with 400 u/kg heparin, IV. Effective anticoagulation was demonstrated by post‐heparin activated clotting time (ACT) values greater than 300 sec. Seven vessels (29%) were not successfully coil‐embolized because of inadequate coil position or distant embolization of the coil; 17 (71%) of these vessels were shown to be successfully occluded by arteriography 6 to 77 min later. After a period of systemic heparinization ranging from 71 to 159 min, 9/17 arteries remained occluded, 7/17 could not be examined arteriographically due to early demise of the animal, and only 1/17 showed recanalization. A second group of 12 vessels were embolized after heparinization. Eight (75%) were successfully occluded, and 4 (25%) were not successfully coil‐embolized because of inadequate coil position or coil embolization to distant arteries. We conclude that systemic heparinization had no measurable effect on occlusion rates in coil‐embolized systemic arteries in the lamb. These data support the use of systemic heparinization, when indicated, during or following therapeutic coil embolization in children.