Surface structure study of biological calcium phosphate apatite crystals from human tooth enamel

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Abstract
A surface-structure study of human tooth enamel crystals has been carried out by high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). The surfaces of several crystals have been examined and the surfaces of a single crystal are described here. The observations made on this crystal are similar to the observations made on the other crystals, although the difference of morphology in the crystals observed indicates that the growth control by matrix proteins takes only place on the {011¯0} surfaces of the crystals. The crystal described here is oriented along the [112¯0] direction, and the following surfaces have been analyzed: (11¯00), (011¯1), (01¯11) and (0001). A subsurface reconstruction is observed just below the surface of the crystal not bonded to the matrix and lying above the supporting film. Observation of the matrix surrounding the crystal shows the existence of poorly crystalline phases with a structure close to that of hydroxyapatite (OHAP). Finally, a comparison of the images of the (011¯0) surface with computer-simulated images calculated for several models of the OHAP surface structure shows that the surface itself is stoichiometric and contains both calcium and phosphate groups. The knowledge of the binding sites of proteins on biomineral crystals such as the ones found in human tooth enamel is of prime importance for the understanding of their growth process. In this study, the first structure determination of the surface of human tooth enamel crystals is presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 433–440, 2002