Direct embryogenesis from single mesophyll protoplasts in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

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Abstract
We used a tetraploid clone derived from an anther culture operation of ‘Ladak’ alfalfa to study the pathway of direct embryogenesis from leaf-mesophyll protoplasts. About 72% of the protoplasts divided, and 7% of those produced proembryos. Approximately 38% of the proembryos developed into green embryos, and 33% initiated calluses. Other proembryos dedifferentiated into calluses which later redifferentiated embryos. Sixteen percent of the embryos developed directly into plants, whereas 81% produced plants indirectly via secondary embryos. The remaining 3% of the primary embryos failed to develop into plants. The lowest plating efficiency for direct embryogenesis was 0.3%. The high percentage of direct embryogenesis observed was related to the genetic nature of the clone, low density of liquid medium, low protoplast culture density, and the composition of culture media.