Highly Sensitive Amplified Electronic Detection of DNA By Biocatalyzed Precipitation of an Insoluble Product onto Electrodes

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Abstract
The amplified detection of a target DNA, based on the alkaline phosphatase oxidative hydrolysis of the soluble 5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indoyl phosphate to the insoluble indigo product as an amplification path, is addressed by two different sensing configurations. The accumulation of the insoluble product on Au electrodes or Au/quartz crystals alters the interfacial electron‐transfer resistance at the Au electrode or the mass associated with the piezoelectric crystal, thus enabling the quantitative transduction of the DNA sensing by Faradaic impedance spectroscopy or microgravimetric quartz crystal microbalance measurements, respectively. One sensing configuration involves the association of a complex consisting of the target DNA and a biotinylated oligonucleotide to the functionalized transducers. The binding of the avidin/alkaline phosphatase conjugate to the sensing interface followed by the biocatalyzed precipitation provides the amplification path for the analysis of the target DNA. This analysis scheme was used to sense the target DNA with a sensitivity limit that corresponds to 5×10−14 M. The second amplified detection scheme involves the use of a nucleic‐acid‐functionalized alkaline phosphatase as a biocatalytic conjugate for the precipitation of the insoluble product. Following this scheme, the functionalized transducers are interacted with the analyzed sample that was pretreated with the oligonucleotide‐modified alkaline phosphatase, followed by the biocatalyzed precipitation as the amplification route for the analysis of the target DNA. By the use of this configuration, a detection limit corresponding to 5×10−13 M was achieved. Real clinical samples of the Tay–Sachs genetic disorder were easily analyzed by the developed detection routes.