Mutagenicity of products from coal gasification and liquefaction in the salmonella/microsome assay

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Abstract
As a first step in the assessment of their possible bio‐effects, coal‐related materials were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Of three coal gasification by‐products tested, only a tar was mutagenic for any of four Salmonella strains. The following liquefaction materials were mutagenic for strains TA1538, TA98, and/or TA100: A liquefaction vehicle oil and coal hydrogenation filtered liquid, separated bottoms, vacuum overhead, and vacuum bottoms. Neither powdered coal nor water produced as a by‐product of the hydrogenation process was positive in the Salmonella test. No coal‐related material was mutagenic for the missense mutant TA1535 or for any strain in the absence of metabolic activation provided by rat hepatic homogenates (S9). In all but one instance Aroclor 1254‐induced S9 provided the maximum activation for mutagenesis. Fractionation of all samples was undertaken by serial extraction with organic solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, toluene, methylene chloride, acetonitrile). Highly mutagenic materials were found in fractions of the hydrogenation filtered liquid, vacuum overhead, and vacuum bottoms. Thus far non‐mutagenic samples have not yielded mutagenic components upon fractionation.