A carAB mutant of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli serogroup O2 is attenuated and effective as a live oral vaccine against colibacillosis in turkeys

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Abstract
Colibacillosis is a serious and economically important disease of the respiratory tract of chickens and turkeys. The serogroups of Escherichia coli commonly associated with colibacillosis in poultry are O1, O2, and O78. Although previous attempts to develop a vaccine have not been very successful, vaccination is still considered the most effective way of controlling the disease. Therefore, our laboratory has been involved in the development of an attenuated live vaccine that will be effective in the prevention of colibacillosis. The carAB operon coding for carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, an essential enzyme in arginine and pyrimidine metabolism, was selected for study. Generalized transduction was used to transfer a Tn10-generated mutation from a laboratory strain to virulent avian field isolates of E. coli. Molecular techniques were used to determine the point of Tn10 insertion within the carAB operon. The insertion mutants were then cured of the tetracycline resistance gene of the transposon to select for antibiotic-sensitive and stable carAB mutants. The degree of attenuation obtained by the mutation was determined in day-old chickens. Typically, when 100-fold the 50% lethal dose (for the wild type) was given, no more than 50% mortality in the day-old chickens was observed. The deletion mutant of serotype O2 was also found to be avirulent in turkeys rendered susceptible to infection with hemorrhagic enteritis virus A. Turkey poults vaccinated orally at 4 weeks old with either the wild-type E. coli EC317 strain or its carAB mutant EC751 were completely protected from infection following challenge with the homologous wild-type strain. Our data indicate that carAB mutants of virulent avian strains of E. coli will be effective and safe as live oral vaccines for prevention of colibacillosis in poultry.