Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of Megaselia scalaris Loew (Diptera:Brachycera:Cyclorrhapha:Phoridea:Phoridae)

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Abstract
When viewed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the spermatozoon of the phorid dipteran Megaselia scalaris appears threadlike, lacking distinct head and tail areas. These areas can be observed, however, in appropriately stained material. Measurements of Feulgen‐stained material reveal average lengths of the head, tail, and total cell of 18.7, 128.7, and 147.4 μm, respectively. When tested for sulfhydryl and disulfide groups, the head displays only disulfide groups. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals 12 different regions: three (1–3) in the head, four (9–12) in the tail, and five (4–8) in a short zone of overlap between the head and tail. Most of the cell lies in regions 9 and 11 of the tail and 3 of the head, accounting for, respectively, 37.3%, 45.7%, and 11.2% of the total length. A tubelike acrosome indents the anterior end of the nucleus. The tail originates asymmetrically in relation to the long axis of the cell as a peglike structure associated with the dorsolateral region of the nucleus. No centriole is visible, and the nucleus has a notched appearance in longitudinal sections. Two mitochondrial derivatives and an axoneme displaying a 9+9+2 microtubule configuration and ATPase activity extend throughout most of the tail. In regions 9 and 10, an asymmetrically arranged accessory body is also present. Features having possible taxonomic utility include the asymmetrically arranged accessory body, the size and shape of the acrosome, and the notched appearance of the nucleus. The present report is apparently the first to describe the spermatozoon of a cyclorrhaphous dipteran which is not a member of the Schizophora.