Preclinical and clinical evaluation of carbohydrate immunopharmaceuticals in the prevention of sepsis and septic sequelae

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Abstract
Sepsis and sepsis syndrome are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Despite technological and therapeutic advances in critical care, sepsis continues to be a pivotal factor in 20-50 % of deaths in surgical intensive care units. It is clear that alternative approaches to the prevention and/or treatment of sepsis must be found. Preclinical data indicate that macrophage activation with (1→3)-β-D-glucans will ameliorate sequelae associated with Gram-negative septicemia. Recent clinical data indicate that macrophage activation with (1→3)-β-D-glucans will significantly reduce septic morbidity and mortality in trauma and/or high-risk surgical patients. This work reviews the preclinical and clinical evaluation of (1→3)-β-D-glucans in the prevention of sepsis and septic sequelae.