Glycine-Glomus-Rhizobium Symbiosis

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Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) plants grown in pot cultures were inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe and Rhizobium japonicum strain 61A118 at planting (G1R1) or at 20 days (G20R20), or with one of the endophytes after the other has colonized the host root (G1R20, G20R1). Nodulated (PR1) and VAM (G1N) dipartite associations, or nonsymbiotic plants (PN) using nutrient solutions with N, P, or N + P concentrations providing endophyte-equivalent nutrient inputs were used as controls. The delayed tripartite associations received the appropriate N, P, or N + P amendment while one or both endophytes were absent during the first 20 days of growth. Prior inoculation with one endophyte significantly inhibited development of the other. Root hexose sugar concentrations were negatively correlated with VAM colonization (r = −0.89), nodule activity (r = −0.91), and root P content (r = −0.93). Nodule (r = 0.97) and root (r = 0.96) P content correlated positively with VAM colonization. Nodule weight or VAM-fungal biomass were significantly greater in associations grown with only one endophyte. Dry weights of the PN, G1N, PR1, and G20R20 plants were significantly greater than those of tripartite plants inoculated at planting with either or both endophytes. Interendophyte inhibition is attributed to competition for root carbohydrates, and this effect apparently also affects overall plant productivity. The objective of the study was to determine if the timing of endophyte introduction and establishment affected the development of the other symbiotic partners.