Catalysis and Function of the p38α·MK2a Signaling Complex

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Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) pathway is required for the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1) that mediate the chronic inflammatory phases of several autoimmune diseases. Potent p38 inhibitors, such as the slow tight-binding inhibitor BIRB 796, have recently been reported to block the production of TNFα and IL-1β. Here we analyze downstream signaling complexes and molecular mechanisms, to provide new insight into the function of p38 signaling complexes and the development of novel inhibitors of the p38 pathway. Catalysis, signaling functions, and molecular interactions involving p38α and one of its downstream signaling partners, mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2), have been explored by steady-state kinetics, surface plasmon resonance, isothermal calorimetry, and stopped-flow fluorescence. Functional 1/1 signaling complexes (Kd = 1−100 nM) composed of activated and nonactivated forms of p38α and a splice variant of MK2 (MK2a) were characterized. Catalysis of MK2a phosphorylation and activation by p38α was observed to be efficient under conditions where substrate is saturating (kcatapp = 0.05−0.3 s-1) and nonsaturating (kcatapp/KMapp = 1−3 × 106 M-1 s-1). Specific interactions between the carboxy-terminal residues of MK2a (370−400) and p38α precipitate formation of a high-affinity complex (Kd = 20 nM); the p38α-dependent MK2a phosphorylation reaction was inhibited by the 30-amino acid docking domain peptide of MK2a (IC50 = 60 nM). The results indicate that the 30-amino acid docking domain peptide of MK2a is required for the formation of a tight, functional p38α·MK2a complex, and that perturbation of the tight-docking interaction between these signaling partners prevents the phosphorylation of MK2a. The thermodynamic and steady-state kinetic characterization of the p38α·MK2a signaling complex has led to a clear understanding of complex formation, catalysis, and function on the molecular level.