Type‐1 insulin‐like growth factor receptor overexpression produces dual effects on myoblast proliferation and differentiation

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Abstract
Using a retroviral vector, we developed a line of C2 mouse skeletal myoblasts, C2-LISN, which expressed high levels of the human type-1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor. When switched to low serum medium, C2-LISN myoblasts underwent terminal differentiation extremely rapidly compared to control C2 myoblasts. In high serum conditions which were not permissive for differentiation, C2-LISN myoblasts expressed ten-fold higher levels of the myogenic transcription factor myogenin than did control C2 myoblasts. When cultured in low serum medium with both transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and high concentrations of IGF-I, C2-LISN myoblasts failed to differentiate and grew to very high saturation densities, forming multilayers. Upon removal of TGF-β, multilayered C2-LISN myoblasts differentiated within 2 days. These results demonstrate that overexpression of the type-1 IGF receptor can amplify signals which stimulate myogenic differentiation. Overexpressed type-1 IGF receptors can also mediate strong mitogenic signals if differentiation is inhibited by TGF-β. The C2-LISN myoblast cell line may be a useful model to investigate the intracellular pathways which stimulate myogenic differentiation. Additionally, overexpression of the type-1 IGF receptor could provide a strategy to expand populations of differentiation-competent myoblasts for experimental or clinical applications.