Explant Developmental State and Shoot Formation in Pinus radiata Cotyledons

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Abstract
Adventitious shoots from the epidermal and subepidermal layers of Pinus radiata cotyledons were induced in culture. Cotyledons of different ages were examined with light and electron microscopy. The developmental state of the cotyledons at the time of excision influenced their shoot-forming ability in culture. Epidermal layers of cotyledons predisposed to form shoots have less-developed stomatal complexes, thinner cell walls, no epicuticular wax, partially depleted protein reserves, and unhydrolyzed lipid reserves, whereas those of cotyledons that did not form shoots have more-developed stomatal complexes, thicker cell walls, epicuticular wax, depleted protein reserves, and nearly depleted lipid reserves.