Structural intermediates trapped during the folding of ribonuclease A by amide proton exchange

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Abstract
In the folding reaction of the slow-folding species (US) of RNase A, the slow isomerization of wrong proline isomers provides a suitable trap for kinetic folding intermediates at low temperatures (0-10.degree. C). Partly folded intermediates are known to accumulate before proline isomerization takes place, after which native RNase A is formed. The protection from amide proton exchange which is provided by structure in the intermediates at different times along the folding pathway was measured. Previous work has shown that, by labeling the amide protons of the unfolded protein before initiating refolding, an early folding intermediate can be detected. The new pulse-labeling method presented here can be used to label later folding intermediates. Apparently, in conditions which strongly favor the native protein, intermediates are formed which provide protection against exchange. When folding is initiated in 2.5 M guanidinium chloride, 10.degree. C, pH 7.5, conditions in which folding goes to completion but there are no spectroscopically detectable intermediates, then no intermediates are detected by this method. Alternate minimal mechanisms for the folding of US are presented.

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