Transesophageal echocardiographic determinants of embolism in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation

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Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the relation of transesophageal echocardiographic findings to symptoms of systemic embolism in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography were used to study 107 patients with atrial fibrillation including 49 patients without embolic complications and 58 patients who had suffered from previous cerebral or peripheral embolism. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that left atrial thrombi (odds ratio 9.0, 95% CI 2.4–33.6, p < 0.005) and the presence of dense left atrial spontaneous contrast (odds ratio 8.4, 95% CI 1.3–53.1, p < 0.05) were independently related to embolic symptoms. Intensive left atrial spontaneous contrast was associated with an increased left atrial diameter (odds ratio 2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.6, p < 0.05), the presence of chronic atrial fibrillation (odds ratio 6.9, 95% CI 1.6–29.8, p < 0.01) and aortic atherosclerosis (odds ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.2–5.5, p < 0.05). It was further negatively correlated to mitral regurgitation (odds ratio 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.9, p < 0.05). In conclusion, dense spontaneous echo contrast and left atrial thrombi are associated to thromboembolic complications in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Classifying of spontaneous contrast seems to be useful when estimating the thromboembolic risk in atrial fibrillation.