Gene therapy for lysosomal storage disorders

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Abstract
The lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are monogenic inborn errors of metabolism with heterogeneous pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. In the last decades, these disorders have been models for the development of molecular and cellular therapies for inherited metabolic diseases. Studies in preclinical in vitro systems and animal models have allowed the successful development of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) as therapeutic options for several LSDs. However, BMT is limited by poor donor availability and high morbidity and mortality, and ERT is not a life-long cure. Moreover, the neuropathology present in many LSDs responded poorly, if at all, to these treatments. Therefore, gene therapy is an attractive therapeutic alternative. Gene therapy strategies for LSDs have employed ex vivo gene transduction of cellular targets with subsequent transplantation of the enzymatically corrected cells, or direct in vivo delivery of the viral vectors. Oncoretroviral vectors and more recently adeno associated vectors (AAV) and lentiviral vectors have been extensively tested, with some success. This review summarises the main gene therapy strategies which have been employed or are under development for both non-neurological and neuronopathic LSDs. Some of the in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies presented herein have provided the rationale for a gene therapy clinical trial for Gaucher disease Type I.