A Heat-Balance Study on Mccall Glacier, Brooks Range, Alaska: A Contribution to the International Hydrological Decade

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Abstract
On the McCall Glacier, an Arctic glacier in the eastern Brooks Range, northern Alaska, a heat balance study was carried out during the summer of 1970 to investigate quantitatively the relationship between energy transfer, climatic parameters and melting processes. Considering the individual energy balance terms, it was found that radiation is the most important heat source for snow and ice melt. The melting period itself is only 11 weeks long, which is quite short. The evaporation overcompensates for what little condensation occurs, and amounts to about 2% of the total ablation. Evaporation is more important in the spring, but becomes decreasingly so during the summer. The melt water which percolates into the snow-pack and refreezes at a lower level is a more effective way of transporting energy into the ground than conduction, and is of importance during the beginning of the melt period. The summer balance is considerably less energetic than over the tundra north of the Brooks Range. The main difference is a higher surface albedo, and to a lesser extent the protected nature of the glacier in a deep valley on a N–S axis, which reduces the duration of possible sunshine by 39% in summer. These are the important factors in maintaining the McCall Glacier and other similar glaciers in an otherwise low precipitation area.