Intra- and interspecific competition for mutualists: ants as a limited and limiting resource for aphids

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Abstract
We present two years of experimental and descriptive data which support the hypothesis that fireweed aphids (Aphis varians) compete with intra-and interspecific aphid neighbors for the services of ant mutualists (Formica fusca and F. cinerea). Specifically, we have shown that ants are a Limited and Limiting resource for a tended aphid species. First, the presence of heavily aphid-infested fireweed shoots significantly reduced the number of ants tending neighboring conspecific populations on fireweed. Second, the presence of ant-tended aphids (Cinara sp.) on Engelmann spruce significantly reduced the number of ants tending neighboring aphid populations on fireweed. Third, the number of ants, and not just the presence of ants, had a significant effect on the fitness of fireweed aphids. Aphid populations tended by three or more F. cinerea exhibited significantly higher probabilities of persisting and growing through time than colonies tended by one or two ants. Aphid populations tended by F. fusca had a significantly higher probability of growing when tended by three or more ants only if they had declined in size during the previous week.