Pressurization and Centralization Enhance the Quality and Reproducibility of Cement Mantles

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Abstract
Cementing technique has a profound influence on the incidence of aseptic loosening of total hip replacements. Two specific measures that seem to have the greatest impact on the longevity of cemented femoral stems are pressurization of cement and control of mantle thickness, typically through the use of modular centralizing devices attached to the tip of the prosthesis. Two laboratory studies are presented that examine the success of these measures in clinical practice. In the first study, the performance of five designs of intramedullary plugs in resisting migration during pressurization of cement was evaluated in human anatomic specimen femurs. Profound differences were observed between the performance of the different plug designs. In canals larger than 12 to 14 mm, most commercial devices failed to resist pressures greater than 30 to 40 pounds per square inch. Overall, it was estimated that between 6% to 76% of these devices would fail to resist cement pressures of 50 pounds per square inch in clinical practice. The second study examined the role of distal centralizers in the accumulation of air bubbles around the distal tip of the prosthesis during insertion of the stem into the femur. Acrylic replicas of a femoral stem were implanted in cavities simulating the femoral canal. Colored dyes, present within the cement, revealed the complex patterns of cement flow. It was shown that cement, dragged from the top of the femur, forms a thin layer that covers the entire surface of the prosthesis and the distal centralizer. Significant voids were present behind the trailing edges of the distal centralizer in 42% of the cases examined. These studies show that improvements in intramedullary plugs and stem centralizers are needed to increase the reproducibility of cement technique in total hip replacement.