Temporal integration: Relative value of rewards and punishments as a function of their temporal distance from the response.

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Abstract
Temporal gradients of both reward and punishment were derived in the same apparatus for a similar position response. The resulting slope of the temporal gradient of reward was steeper than the temporal gradient of punishment [in rats. ] The reward and the punishment were selected so that the 2 temporal gradients intersected. A delay interval cue, associated with the correct or incorrect side, acquired positive or negative secondary reinforcement capacity for both food and shock reinforcement. The difference in slope of the 2 types of gradients was demonstrated further by showing that an immediate shock-food combination was preferred over a delayed presentation of the same shock-food combination. The results were related to the process of temporal integration by the assumption that the net value of a combined delayed reward and punishment may be described by the underlying temporal gradients of reward and punishment.

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