Radar observations of basaltic lava flows, Craters of the Moon, Idaho

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Abstract
Radar images were assessed to determine the backscatter characteristics of basaltic lava flows of predominantly pahoehoe textures and the ability to detect fissure vents. The images were obtained from synthetic aperture side-looking airborne radar systems—X-band HH, X-band HV, L-band HH and L-band H V. Smooth, collapsed blisters of shelly pahoehoe have weak returns in all four radar images. These returns are identical to those from pahoehoe surfaces covered with smooth mantles of windblown sediments. Hummocky pahoehoe flows have strong backscatter in all four images, most likely due to the large range in surface roughness causing multiple scattering at both radar wavelengths. Aa lava flows show the greatest variation in backscatter intensities—strong XHH, weak XHV, strong LHH and very strong LHV returns. This variation is due to an increase in multiple scattering at the L-band scale. Although smooth and rough surface textures can be differentiated in the radar images, there are constraints in tracing textural changes back to a particular fissure vent, in part because near-vent flows do not have unique radar signatures. Eruptive fissures are detectable in the radar images by virtue of associated parallel spatter ramparts which have diagnostic, strong backscatter in the X-band images that are in contrast to the weak backscatter of the surrounding shelly pahoehoe lava. However, spatter ramparts are not delineated in the L-band images. The centimetre-scale relief of the agglutinate spatter may cause scattering of the X-band energy more than the L-band energy. Although the structures are several metres high, the look directions for both imaging systems are approximately parallel to the trend of the ramparts. The rampart walls do not serve as reflectors. Such findings emphasize the importance of look direction in the use of radar images to characterize terrains.