Child-rearing in Bi-Cultural Settings: A Culture-Ecological Approach

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Abstract
North WestEuropean countries have experienced massive immigration from developing countries since World War II. These immigrant populations differ in several respects from the mainstream society. They generally have a low socio-economic status in society and they frequently are culturally different. Many immigrant children grow up in bi-cultural settings. In this article a theoretical model for studying child-rearing in bi-cultural settings will be presented. The model combines Bronfenbrenner's socio- ecological approach, which has mostly been used for research in mono-cultural settings, with Harkness and Super's framework of the developmental niche, which has often been used for cross-cultural comparisons. These models have not so far been applied systematically in studies of child-rearing in bi-cultural settings. The article concludes with a particular case of migration: the Hindustanis who migrated from India to Surinam about a century ago, and then to the Netherlands in the 1970s.

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