Influence of tungsten oxide on structural and surface properties of sol–gel prepared TiO2employed for 4-nitrophenol photodegradation

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Abstract
A set of tungsten oxide/TiO2 polycrystalline samples (W/Ti) prepared by the sol–gel method has been characterised using several techniques, namely thermogravimetric analysis, gas-chromatography, mass spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis combined with mass spectrometry or with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, determination of specific surface area, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and monitorisation of pyridine adsorption for surface acidity. Moreover the samples have been empolyed as catalysts for 4-nitrophenol photodegradation in aqueous suspensions used as a ‘probe’ reaction. Characterisation results indicate that the surface of the W/Ti particles is enriched with homogeneously dispersed tungsten as well as microcrystalline or amorphous species. Maximum photoactivity for 4-nitrophenol photodegradation was achieved for a sample containing 1.7 mol W per 100 mol Ti.