Acceleration of interstellar pickup ions in the disturbed solar wind observed on Ulysses

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Abstract
Acceleration of interstellar pickup H+ and He+ as well as of solar wind protons and alpha particles has been observed on Ulysses during the passage of a corotating interaction region (CIR) at ∼4.5 AU. Injection efficiencies for both the high thermal speed interstellar pickup ions (H+ and He+) and the low thermal speed solar wind ions (H+ and He++) are derived using velocity distribution functions of protons, pickup He+ and alpha particles from < 1 to 60 keV/e and of ions (principally protons) above ∼60 keV. The observed spatial variations of the few keV and the few hundred keV accelerated pickup protons across the forward shock of the CIR indicate a two stage acceleration mechanism. Thermal ions are first accelerated to speeds of 3 to 4 times the solar wind speed inside the CIR, presumably by some statistical mechanism, before reaching higher energies by a shock acceleration process. Our results also indicate that (1) the injection efficiencies for pickup ions are almost 100 times higher than they are for solar wind ions, (2) pickup H+ and He+ are the two most abundant suprathermal ion species and they carry a large fraction of the particle thermal pressure, (3) the injection efficiency is highest for protons, lowest for He+, and intermediate for alpha particles, (4) both H+ and He+ have identical spectral shapes above the cutoff speed for pickup ions, and (5) the solar wind frame velocity distribution function of protons has the form F(w) = F0w−4 for 1 < w < ∼5, where w is the ion speed divided by the solar wind speed. Above w ∼ 5‐10 the proton spectrum becomes steeper. These results have important implications concerning acceleration of ions by shocks and CIRs, acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays, and particle dynamics in the outer heliosphere.