Time-resolved acoustic pulses generated by 4-MeV protons stopping in aluminum

Abstract
Time-resolved acoustic waves generated by pulsed proton beams stopping in aluminum and other solids have been observed. A wide-band capacitive detector indicates the target surface velocity as a function of acoustic time of flight. The near-field signal observed traveling in the beam direction is a measure of the initial pressure distribution along the path of the stopping beam. The measured amplitudes and shapes of such signals are consistent with a simple thermoelastic model of sound generation. Such signals have been used to probe a hydrogen implanted layer in aluminum, and to follow the blistering process in real time while an implanted target was annealed in place.

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