Quantized conductance of point contacts in a two-dimensional electron gas

Ballistic point contacts, defined in the two-dimensional electron gas of a GaAs-AlGaAs heterostructure, have been studied in zero magnetic field. The conductance changes in quantized steps of $e^2$/πħ when the width, controlled by a gate on top of heterojunction, is varied. Up to sixteen steps are observed when the point contact is widened from 0 to 360 nm. An explanation is proposed, which assumes quantized transverse momentum in the point-contact region.