The Urinary System

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Abstract
The urinary system includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. This body system interacts with other organs of excretion, the lungs, skin, and intestines, to maintain the homeostatic equilibrium necessary for maintenance of life. The primary functions includes: excreting toxic substances and waste products of metabolism, regulating water balance in the body, helping maintain acid-base balance, and aiding in controlling concentration of salts and other necessary substances in the blood. Urine formation and the adjustment of blood composition involve three processes: glomerular filtration; tubular reabsorption; and tubular secretion. The aging process results in gradual reduced efficiency of the urinary system. The urinary system becomes less efficient with age, but barring accident, disease, or unusually high demand situations, it can function adequately into extreme old age. Exercise, proper diet-including adequate fluid intake, limited use of medications, and not smoking, help the urinary system maintain adequate functioning.

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