Submerged Macrophytes in Lake Ontario: Current Knowledge, Importance, Threats to Stability, and Needed Studies

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Abstract
The submerged limnetic community in Lake Ontario includes algae, bryophytes, and about 30 species of angiosperms. Their distribution is accurately known in some areas but not lake-wide, and a whole-lake survey is recommended. In nutrient cycling, submergents act as sinks during the summer; metals and metalloids occur in high concentrations in tissues from some areas. Known herbivores include invertebrates, fish, and waterfowl. Stands are necessary for many fish taxa as breeding or nursery habitats, and for waterfowl, but may be damaged by carp (Cyprinus carpio). Stability has been affected by water levels, sedimentation, wave and ice movement, invasive species, herbivory, eutrophication and turbidity, and contaminants. Recovery after control of P loading has occurred in Irondequoit Bay but is delayed by turbidity in the Bay of Quinte.