A Comparison of Hydroxyapatite-Coated, Titanium-Coated, and Uncoated Tapered External-Fixation Pins. An in Vivo Study in Sheep*

Abstract
Three types of surfaces for external fixation pins were compared. One hundred and eight stainless-steel tapered 5/6-millimeter pins were divided into three groups: thirty-six pins remained uncoated (Group A), thirty-six were plasma-sprayed with hydroxyapatite (Group B), and thirty-six were plasma-sp