Perforated ulcers in critical illness

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Abstract
Although gastroduodenal ulcers rarely perforate during critical illness, this occurrence causes specific and difficult problems of diagnosis and management. In our review of the records of 19 critically ill patients whose ulcers perforated, we found that classical symptoms were frequently absent. The perforations often were manifested by nonspecific clinical events, such as unexplained ileus or hypotension. Diagnosis was typically delayed and on occasion was first suspected after observing pneumoperitoneum on a routine x-ray. While the ulcers were characteristically very large (greater than 2 cm), minimal inflammation surrounded them. Mortality was 56% in the 16 patients whose perforations were diagnosed before death or discharge. Fifteen patients were treated with simple patching of the ulcer. Perforated ulcers in critically ill patients differ in several important ways from those occurring in otherwise healthy individuals.

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