Robust and least‐squares orthogonal mapping: Methods for the study of cephalofacial form and growth

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Abstract
A method is presented for the description and analysis of cephalofacial form and growth using two‐dimensional coordinate data. The procedure permits the identification of shape differences at specific cephalofacial coordinate locations without reliance upon conventional cephalometric landmarks. The resulting size‐standardized coordinates can be analyzed by statistical methods for further data exploration. Two methods of shape transformation—least‐squares and robust fitting—are described and compared. An example of the utility of the technique for cephalofacial growth studies is provided.

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