Germ cell chimerism in male marmosets

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Abstract
Marmosets normally produce biovular twins which are connected, via placental vascular anastomoses, as early as pre‐somite stages of development. These anastomoses allow the exchange of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue, as demonstrated by karyotype analysis in heterosexual twins. Because germ cells are also motile during development, i.e., they migrate from the yolk sac endodermal epithelium to the germinal ridges, the possibility exists that germ cells could also be exchanged between heterosexual twins. Testicular squash preparations were examined from 22 adult male marmosets of several species. During the diakinesis stage of meiotic prophase the XY chromosome pair was distinct. Spermatocytes which lacked the conspicuous end‐to‐end association of the XY pair were considered to have originated from germ cells with an XX sex chromosome constitution. In approximately half the animals examined, all diakinesis figures contained an end‐to‐end XY pair. In the remaining animals, primary spermatocytes were seen that clearly did not contain an endto‐end XY pair. The largest number of such XX primary spermatocytes in any one animal was 21% (9 of 43 cells examined). The effects of germ cell chimerism on the sex ratio of offspring was also investigated.