Affinity monolithic capillary columns for glycomics/proteomics: 1. Polymethacrylate monoliths with immobilized lectins for glycoprotein separation by affinity capillary electrochromatography and affinity nano‐liquid chromatography in either a single column or columns coupled in series

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Abstract
In this report, microcolumn separation schemes involving monolithic capillary columns with immobilized lectins, and relevant to nanoglycomics/nanoproteomics were introduced. Positive and neutral monoliths based on poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) were designed for achieving lectin affinity chromatography (LAC) by nano‐LC and CEC. The positive monoliths (i.e., monoliths with cationic sites) afforded relatively high permeability in nano‐LC but lack predictable EOF magnitude and direction, while neutral monoliths provided a good compromise between reasonable permeability in nano‐LC and predictable EOF in CEC. Lectin affinity nano‐LC permitted the enrichment of classes of different glycoproteins having similar N‐glycans recognized by the immobilized lectin, whereas lectin affinity CEC provided the simultaneous capturing and separation of different glycoproteins due to differences in charge‐to‐mass ratio. Also, this investigation demonstrated for the first time the coupling of lectin capillary columns in series (i.e., tandem columns) for enhanced separation of glycoproteins by LAC using the CEC modality. Furthermore, in the coupled columns format, glycoforms of a given glycoprotein were readily separated.