Models and Evidence for Feeding Control of Energy

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Abstract
The value of optimization theory is to provide falsifiable hypotheses and, when appropriate, alternative models of resource regulation. A consideration of alternatives suggests optimal energy regulation through feeding depends on time scale and supplies of energy relativeto demands. Maximization (on-off) control of energy reserves occurs over short intervals involved in consumption, while proportional control occurs over longer intervals (between meals) or as a consequence of trade-offs between energy regulation and nutrient or predation constraints. Maximization of rate of net energy gain occurs most frequently when energy supplies are low relative to demands and when energy and nutrients are not associated. This may be typical for small endothermic nectar feeders, while proportional controls are characteristic of feeding behaviors for many other animals. Controls for regulating energy content must also be affected by external environmental variation which may require use of “rules of thumb” that approximate the maximum rate of return.

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