Techniques in the Radiography of Fishes

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Abstract
Hard X-ray equipment capable of from 15 to 90 kv and settings of 50, 100, 150, and 200 ma is being used to radiograph fish from 2 to 30 in in length and from 1/4 to over 3 in. in thickness. Films are developed at 68[degree]F for 4-1/2 minutes, fixed from 5 to 10 minutes, washed at least 2 hours, and hung from clips to dry. Contact prints are made on paper of low contrast. Prints showing both fin rays and vertebral column fish X-rayed are made possible by submerging the fish in water and exposing it to radiation which would normally be used to reveal the vertebrae. This is done by placing the film under a plastic bottomed box in which the fish is placed with enough water to cover it. In varying the several parameters of exposure the best results were obtained with the X-ray source 100 to 150 cm above the film, using 30 to 40 kv and high ma for a short time when maximum legibility of the film itself is desired and low ma for longer times when maximum legibility of photographic prints is desired. There seems to be no rating system revealing the sensitivity of different X-ray films. Trial and error methods are necessary in determining approximate values of kv, ma, and time.

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