Behaviour of short and long latency reflexes in fatigued human muscles.

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Abstract
1. The human abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and first dorsal interosseus (FDI) were fatigued by sustained maximal voluntary contractions and, in the case of the APB also by electrically induced (30 Hz) contractions, until the loss of force reached 50% of control. The short latency or Hoffmann reflex (H reflex) and the long latency reflex (LLR) were evoked during weak voluntary contractions by the electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist in control, during and after the fatigue experiments. 2. As compared to control, the normalized H reflex amplitude in the two fatigue modalities was found to have decreased by 30% without any significant change in the LLR. This finding and the observation that the LLR was enhanced by 46% in simultaneous recordings, in which the APB remained at rest during FDI fatigue, could be explained by a stronger descending fatigue-induced central drive which spreads to neighbouring non-fatigued muscles. 3. A comparison of the H reflex and the LLR behaviour during fatigue indicates that motoneurone activation threshold is not affected but that changes in peripheral drive are present, which possibly induce presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents and/or inhibition of interneurones in the oligosynaptic pathways. Our observation of a rather slow time course for the H reflex decrease during fatigue supports the point of view that these inhibitions are activated by metabolic and/or chemical changes in the fatigued muscle. 4. It is concluded from the results of this study that muscle fatigue induces an enhanced descending supraspinal drive which compensates for a loss of excitation from the peripheral afferents on motoneurones.