Clutch size and egg size of spruce grouse in relation to spring diet, food supply, and endogenous reserves

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Abstract
We examined the hypothesis that female spruce grouse (Dendragapus canadensis) rely entirely on their spring diet or endogenous reserves for the nutrients required for clutch formation. Spring food habits of 40 radio-tagged hens were documented by direct observation (21 262 min) during the period encompassing oviducal recrudescence, follicular development, and egg laying (late April – late May 1984 – 1986) and compared with clutch size and mean egg weight. Hens consumed conifer foliage, flowers, fruits, and foliage of ground plants, grit, and arthropods. Compared with their prebreeding diet, foods preferred in spring were rich in protein and P, but not necessarily Ca. Large clutch size was associated with a high rate of intake of the two most preferred foods, flowers of trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens) and spore capsules of Polytrichum mosses, and crude protein, P, and Ca, but was not related to the size of hens (body weight) or the size of endogenous reserves (scaled body weight). Egg size was not associated with spring diet or the size of endogenous reserves, but appeared to be related to the size of hens. Rate of intake of arbutus flowers and moss capsules was correlated with their availability on territories, suggesting that clutch size might have been proximately limited by food supply. However, rough estimates of nutrient intake suggested that the spring diet provided only about 60% of the protein and 45% of the Ca needed for clutch formation. Consequently, hens appeared to rely on both their spring diet and stored reserves for the nutrients required for clutch formation.

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