Phenotypic Characterization of Early Onset Paget's Disease of Bone Caused by a 27-bp Duplication in the TNFRSF11A Gene

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Abstract
Three different insertion mutations in the TNFRSF11A gene affecting the signal peptide of RANK have been described. An 18‐bp duplication at position 84 (84dup18) is associated with the clinical syndrome of familial expansile osteolysis (FEO), whereas a 15‐bp duplication at the same site (84dup15) causes the syndrome of expansile skeletal hyperphosphatasia (ESH). Here we report the phenotype of patients harboring a 27‐bp duplication at position 75 (75dup27) in RANK. Affected individuals had hearing impairment and tooth loss beginning in the second or third decade. Radiographs of affected bones showed lytic and sclerotic lesions with bony enlargement and deformity. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated between 2 and 17 times above the normal range. Most patients had pelvic and skull involvement, and all had involvement of the mandible and maxilla. Most patients also had bony enlargement of the small joints of the hands, and one developed hypercalcemia during a period of immobilization. We conclude that the 75dup27 mutation of RANK causes a Paget's disease of bone‐like phenotype that is distinct from, but which overlaps with, FEO and ESH. A particularly striking feature was involvement of the mandible and maxilla, but it remains to be seen if this is a specific feature of the 75dup27 mutation until further kindreds with this mutation are reported.