Direct knockout model for nuclear fragmentation

A direct knockout model is developed for intermediate energy inclusive nuclear reactions involving the emission of light fragments in the backward hemisphere. In particular, the model is applied to the $A(p,\alpha )X$ reactions where $A={}_{}{}^9{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}, {}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Al}, \mathrm{and}\mathrm{Ag}$. Predictions are made for the ($p$,$p\alpha$) reaction with the α particle scattered into the backward hemisphere.