Manifest anxiety, social desirability, or response set.

Abstract
The present investigation tested Edwards' hypothesis that the SD scale is not confounded with response set and determined the extent that response set contaminates Taylor's MA scale. By reversing the items of these scales, true and false scales for each personality scale were obtained. Statistical procedures were then utilized to determine response set and content scores for each scale. The results indicate that the MA scale is relatively free of response set and that the SD scale is measuring both response set and social desirability. It should not be assumed automatically that a scale which has items stated in a single direction is measuring response set or that a scale with items stated in both directions is not. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

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