Improved ferroelectric and piezoelectric polymers for stress gauges

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Abstract
The standardized improved PVDF shock gauge is described. The response under shock loading of well controlled poled PVDF (Pr ≈ 9 μC/cm2) is presented. First, PVDF gauges operating over 30 GPa open up an entirely new range of measurement applications. Experimental results show that such ISL gauges provide a direct measure of the stress rate with resolution of ten of nanoseconds. Studies of the frequency, temperature and hydrostatic pressure dependences (< 1 GPa) of the dielectric properties, molecular relaxation and phase transition in PVDF and the VF2/VF3 copolymer lead to an explanation why it is possible to use these polymers as piezoelectric shock wave gauges.