Abstract
Direct observations of the growth of ice on, and perpendicular to, a water-air interface are described, in an experiment reproducing the conditions of formation of natural lake ice. The final, preferred crystal orientation is affected by the initial orientations and by selective wedging cut of grains of certain orientations, but often the most important factor is grain boundary migration. Boundary migration is driven in part by interfacial energy and probably in part by stress. The origin of the stress is not known. Preferred intergrain orientations are found.

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