Some Factors Influencing the Area-Load Characteristics for Semismooth Contiguous Surfaces Under “Static” Loading

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Abstract
Finnie and Shaw [7] have determined empirically the relationship between the actual area of contact and normal load between contiguous surfaces for a large range of normal loads in connection with the problem of friction in cutting processes. The so-called actual area of contact refers to the area projected on a plane perpendicular to the direction of the normal load; and, as such, the term has only qualitative or semiquantitative value. In this paper the ideal case of “semismooth” contiguous surfaces is studied theoretically. That is, one of the surfaces is considered rigid and macroscopically smooth while the other one is allowed to have a large number of macroscopic asperities in the form of wedges. Under this restriction, actual area of contact acquires a definite meaning. The study is also limited to “static” loading; i.e., only relative motions resulting from plastic deformations of the wedges are permitted. The role the area-load characteristics play in the friction process and their relationships to the various theories of friction are discussed. Furthermore, some factors which may cause the area-load characteristics to be nonlinear are examined theoretically. These factors include strain-hardening, size of asperities, terminating levels of the asperities, and a statistical correlation between the shape and the starting level of asperities. Results are discussed with respect to the work of Archard [21], Ittner and Magill [22], and Campbell [25].

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