From gene profiling to diagnostic markers: IL‐18 and FGF‐2 complement CA125 as serum‐based markers in epithelial ovarian cancer

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Abstract
We used an oligonucleotide‐based DNA microarray to identify potential markers in 39 primary cultures of ovarian cancer specimens compared with 11 primary cultures of normal ovarian epithelia. Differential gene expression of IL‐18 and FGF‐2 was validated on a subset of samples by quantitative PCR and by IHC, using an independent tissue array of 90 cores of 20 normal ovarian surface epithelia and 70 EOCs representing different grades and pathologies of ovarian disease. We further compared, by ELISA, these two markers with CA125 in sera from 25 cancer‐free and 47 ovarian cancer patients. IL‐18 and FGF‐2 proteins were significantly elevated in tumor tissues (p<0.04) and sera (p<0.05) from patients with ovarian cancer. In combination, the three markers (IL‐18, FGF‐2, and CA125) showed similar sensitivity in scoring for ovarian cancer (35/45 patients) compared to that of CA125 alone (37/45) and significantly improved the specificity of detection (20/25 patients) compared to each marker individually (15/25 for CA125; 18/25 FGF‐2; 16/25 for IL‐18). In conclusion we show that a combination of the three serum markers (IL‐18, FGF‐2 and CA125) is associated with EOC, with higher specificity than CA125 alone. Prospective studies with a large cohort of susceptible ovarian cancer patients will be required to expand these findings.