Ecology and behaviour of immature Culicoides melleus (Coq.) (Dipt., Ceratopogonidae)

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Abstract
The distribution of the larvae and pupae of Culicoides melleus (Coq.) in a natural beach habitat in an inlet on the Florida coast was studied in relation to tidal level and time of day. Larvae and pupae were confined to the intertidal zone and these distributions were unaffected by time of day or tidal level. Distributions of younger larval instars were displaced towards the inferred area of oviposition at higher elevations on the beach. Pupae were associated with the zone at and somewhat below high tide level. Differences in the vertical distribution of larvae between 0 and 2 in. deep between dark (pre-dawn)/low tide, morning/low tide and afternoon/low tide conditions were probably associated with larval response to light and heat.In laboratory experiments with a temperature gradient, second- to fourth-instar larvae preferred the 18–25°C range, but the fourth instars were the least discriminating. Laboratory experiments with a simulated beach showed that pupae flooded on an incoming tide remained in their burrows and immediately buried themselves more deeply when waves were generated in the water; they were able to return to the surface if buried, and survived drowning for four days. Inundated areas were avoided as pupation sites. The orientation of pupae at the sand surface and their formation in burrows was related to negative phototactic responses of the pupating larvae.