Limitations on quantum measurements. I. Determination of the minimal amount of nonideality and identification of the optimal measuring apparatuses

Abstract
The problem of determining the minimal deviation from the ideal scheme in a measurement, compatible with the existence of additive conserved quantities, is reconsidered. In the case of the measurement of a spin component of a spin-1/2 particle, we rederive in a simple and rigorous way the bound previously obtained by Yanase. The procedure allows the derivation of definite equations characterizing an optimal measuring apparatus. A detailed discussion of the possible malfunctioning of the apparatuses is also given.

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