Late Devonian benthic marine communities of the central Appalachian Allegheny Front

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Abstract
Four benthic marine communities occur in the clastic facies of the prograding Upper Frasnian-Lower Framennian (Upper Devonian) Foreknobs Formation in the Central Appalachians along the Allegheny Front in Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia [USA]. Deep-water rapidly prograding environments were inhabited by the Ambocoelia-Chonetes Community, dominated by an epifauna of unattached brachiopods. Offshore bar environments were inhabited by the Cyrtospirifer-Camarotoechia Community, exhibiting adaptations to shallow-water, high-energy conditions and probably lowered salinities. Shallow-water, sublittoral environments were inhabited by the Atrypa-Cypricardella Community, a community in which existed a variety of life habitats and a diverse epifaunal and infaunal association of brachiopods and bivalve mollusks. The Leptodesma-Tylothyris Community flourished in nearshore bar-protected environments in the southern region of the study area, whereas in the north the Cyrtospirifer-Camarotoechia Community inhabited nearshore environments in conjunction with the onshore development of a large fluviodeltaic system.