Parenting quality, DRD4, and the prediction of externalizing and internalizing behaviors in early childhood
- 6 August 2007
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Wiley in Developmental Psychobiology
- Vol. 49 (6) , 619-632
- https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20249
Abstract
Recent research has found that the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and maternal insensitivity may interact to predict externalizing behavior in preschoolers. The current study attempted to replicate and extend this finding in a sample of 18–30‐month‐old children. The current study examined two distinct dimensions of parenting (warm‐responsive and negative‐intrusive) as predictors of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior. Further, race was investigated as a moderator of gene–environment relationships. Results revealed that high warm‐responsive parenting was associated with decreased externalizing behavior only for African American children possessing the short polymorphism of DRD4. The data indicate that children may be differentially susceptible to different aspects of parenting depending on their genotype, and it is important to consider differences in racial composition when studying these relationships. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 619‐632, 2007.Keywords
This publication has 57 references indexed in Scilit:
- MAOA, maltreatment, and gene–environment interaction predicting children's mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysisMolecular Psychiatry, 2006
- Gene-environment interaction of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and observed maternal insensitivity predicting externalizing behavior in preschoolersDevelopmental Psychobiology, 2006
- Differences in attachment security between African-American and white children: ethnicity or socio-economic status?Infant Behavior and Development, 2004
- Mothering, fathering, and infant negativity as antecedents of boys' externalizing problems and inhibition at age 3 years: Differential susceptibility to rearing experience?Development and Psychopathology, 1998
- Variation in Susceptibility to Environmental Influence: An Evolutionary ArgumentPsychological Inquiry, 1997
- Externalizing Behavior Problems and Discipline Revisited: Nonlinear Effects and Variation by Culture, Context, and GenderPsychological Inquiry, 1997
- Patterns of Change in Early Childhood Aggressive-Disruptive Behavior: Gender Differences in Predictions from Early Coercive and Affectionate Mother-Child InteractionsChild Development, 1996
- Predicting social adjustment in middle childhood: the role of preschool attachment security and maternal styleSocial Development, 1994
- Genetic and environmental influences on early childhood behaviorBehavior Genetics, 1994
- Synaptic organization of serotonin‐immunoreactive fibers in primary visual cortex of the macaque monkeyJournal of Comparative Neurology, 1988